Mr. Mendonsa's transcript contains 4 interviews from 1/30/1987, 1/4/1987, 2/10/1987, and 2/11/1987. George Mendonsa was born in Newport, R.I. in 1923. His father came to Newport from Madeira, Portugal in 1910 and supported his family by working as a trap fisherman. He passed on his knowledge and pride in his work to his son, George, who has worked in the floating fish trap industry in Rhode Island waters for his entire life. George Mendonsa's manuscript is an important document of the floating fish trap industry in Newport, R.I. from the 1940's to the present.

Mr. Mendonsa's transcript contains 4 interviews from 1/30/1987, 1/4/1987, 2/10/1987, and 2/11/1987. George Mendonsa was born in Newport, R.I. in 1923. His father came to Newport from Madeira, Portugal in 1910 and supported his family by working as a trap fisherman. He passed on his knowledge and pride in his work to his son, George, who has worked in the floating fish trap industry in Rhode Island waters for his entire life. George Mendonsa's manuscript is an important document of the floating fish trap industry in Newport, R.I. from the 1940's to the present.

William Kellogg begins by describing his first acquaintance with the NCAR concept, and his belief in the benefits of team research or big science. He notes the first retreat meeting at Keystone and offers examples of problems that required an interdisciplinary approach. He mentions chairing a group for a larger study called the "Study of Critical Environmental Problems" ("SCEP" study for short), which wrote on human influences on climate, and discusses the challenges of getting scientists to work together, relating an anecdote about having to fire a dynamic meteorologist.

Mr. Mendonsa's transcript contains 4 interviews from 1/30/1987, 1/4/1987, 2/10/1987, and 2/11/1987. George Mendonsa was born in Newport, R.I. in 1923. His father came to Newport from Madeira, Portugal in 1910 and supported his family by working as a trap fisherman. He passed on his knowledge and pride in his work to his son, George, who has worked in the floating fish trap industry in Rhode Island waters for his entire life. George Mendonsa's manuscript is an important document of the floating fish trap industry in Newport, R.I. from the 1940's to the present.

On March 27, 1986, Michael Kline interviewed David Humphrey for the Tucker County, West Virginia Flood Audio Recordings project. David Humphrey, born in Alexandria, Virginia, has lived in Parsons, West Virginia, for nearly 25 years. His father, Floyd C. Humphrey, was a miner and mechanic, while his grandfather, Fitz Humphrey, worked in logging camps. In this interview, Humphrey recounts his family's history in the area and the devastating impact of the flood on their lives.

James Violet worked as an inshore lobsterman in Newport for much of his working like. Of Greek lineage, he learned his trade from Greek lobstermen who came to Newport from Skiathos, Greece. Mr. Violet reminisces about those Greeks who were an important and colorful part of Newport's waterfront. In addition, Mr. Violet describes the Newport fishing industry during the 1930's, the 1938 Hurricane, overfishing, the 200 mile limit, and the impact of tourism and development on the fishing industry in Newport. On page 6 his transcript (page 12 of the pdf), he references making a list of names.

Masako Sugawa, eldest of three children, was born in 1911, in Halehaka, Kaua'i. Her father, Yoichiro Hanzawa, immigrant from Miyagi-ken, Japan, was a rice farmer in Halehaka; her mother, Kesa, also from Miyagi-ken, died at age thirty-three in 1919. Masako helped her father care for her sister and brother.

"My grandfather was a fisherman. His father was a whaler." Stephen Fougere learned to become a fisherman from his father, a day dragger in Newport, R.I. Mr. Fougere left school at age sixteen to go fishing and became a captain of a fishing boat by age eighteen. He provides detailed information about the fishing industry in Newport R.I. from the 1930's to the present -- the various fisheries which have comprised the industry, the people involved in it, boats and equipment used, grounds fished, and changes that have taken place which continue to affect the industry in important ways. Mr.

''Iki" Moir is the only child of Hector Moir and Alexandria Knudson Moir. Hector Moir was the manager of Koloa Sugar Company from 1933 to 1948; he stepped down when Koloa Sugar Company merged with Grove Farm. Alexandria Knudson Moir is a descendent of the Sinclair, Gay and Robinson families who owned Ni'ihau and parts of Kaua'i.

"My grandfather was a fisherman. His father was a whaler." Stephen Fougere learned to become a fisherman from his father, a day dragger in Newport, R.I. Mr. Fougere left school at age sixteen to go fishing and became a captain of a fishing boat by age eighteen. He provides detailed information about the fishing industry in Newport R.I. from the 1930's to the present -- the various fisheries which have comprised the industry, the people involved in it, boats and equipment used, grounds fished, and changes that have taken place which continue to affect the industry in important ways. Mr.

Paul Bennett is the husband of Hedy Bennett, who was also interviewed as part of this oral history of the fishing industry in Newport, R.I. Mr. Bennett has worked in the offshore lobster industry in Newport since the early 1970's and owns his own boat, Hedy-Brenna. He provides a detailed account of his work in the offshore lobster industry, comparing the industry of the 1970's with that of the 1980's. Mr.

Manly Gray was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1922. "Too big to go to school" in the eighth grade, he obtained work sorting fish in a Gloucester fish house. Mr. Gray worked in the fishing industry from that time until his death in the summer of 1987. He recollects the way of life of a Gloucester fishing family during the Depression and describes the various fisheries which comprised the Gloucester fishing industry at that time. He includes fascinating stories about dory fishermen who worked the Grand Banks and the depletion of certain Grand Banks fish species.

On May 6, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed brothers Lenny and Danny Koch as part of the Long Island Traditions Oral History Collection. Lenny and Danny grew up in Baldwin, New York, where their family developed deep ties to the boating and fishing industries. Their grandfather was a captain and their father, along with many other relatives, worked as a fisherman in the region. Lenny’s career along the eastern seaboard has included diverse activities, from shrimping in Florida to dragging off the Connecticut shoreline.

Edene Vidinha was the youngest of three children and only girl born to Maurice Smith and Emma Wohlers Smith in 1905. After Maurice Smith died, Edene was raised by her mother and stepfather, John Naleimaile, Koloa Plantation policeman, who later became a Kaua'i county policeman in Koloa.  Edene and her family lived in a home adjoining the courthouse in Koloa, where her stepfather worked. She first attended Koloa School, then transferred to Kawaiahao Seminary in Honolulu.

On May 7, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Carmine Marinaccio, a passionate fisherman and charter boatman. Carmen discusses his early years, detailing his family's move from the Bronx to Long Beach, and his experiences growing up near the water, where he developed a love for fishing and boating. The interview covers his career transition from a charter boatman during the Great Depression to making fishing lures. Carmen shares his perspectives on the challenges small-scale fishermen face, including economic hardships and the impacts of regulatory changes.

On May 8, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Tony Sougstad as part of the Long Island Traditions Oral History Project. Sougstad is a seasoned ocean fisherman and captain of the boat E.T. His first discussion with Solomon covers his entry into the fishing industry, the species of fish he harvests, the gear he uses, and the seasonal nature of his profession. After working as an engineer for a time, Sougstad decided to make a living out on the water, specializing in trawl or bottom fishing.

On May 10, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Don Kearsley as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history project. Don did not come from a family of fisherman, but was interested in learning because he lived close to the water near Atlantic City. He developed his fishing under the mentorship an experienced fisherman. The interview covers the traditional methods of clamming and offshore fishing, the evolution of fishing equipment, and the transition from using cotton and linen nets to nylon and poly nets.

Kevin Tuttle has worked extensively on offshore draggers since his graduation from the University of Rhode Island's Fisheries School. His manuscript is filled with information about the work of fishing, life at sea, boats and equipment, safety, offshore fishing grounds, species sought by draggers, marketing, and fishing as a dangerous occupation. Mr. Tuttle has thoughtful insights concerning depletion and conservation and speaks at length about the relationship between fishermen, biologists, and government officials and how they affect the fishing industry.

On May 15, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed George Combs as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history project. George was born and raised in Amityville, New York and comes from a long line of baymen, boat builders, and market gunners dating back to 1644. He discusses significant family members such as his father, a famous decoy carver, and his great-great-grandfather, a privateer and shipbuilder. The conversation covers the evolution of boat types used by the Combs family, such as Garveys and gunning boats, and details their construction techniques.

On May 15, 1997, Nancy Solomon interviewed Wayne Grothe for the Peconic Estuary Interviews project. Wayne Grothe is an experienced shellfisherman with over 24 years of work in the field. Wayne has primarily worked on the south shore, specifically in areas like Shinnecock Bay. He is resident of Southampton and was an active commercial fisherman until around 2001 when he transitioned to working for the Nature Conservancy of Long Island. With his experience and expertise, Wayne became a keen observer of the ecological changes occurring in the Peconics and the South Shore regions.

On May 19, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed George Streit as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history collection. George is a lifelong fishing enthusiast, whose love for the sport shaped his life and experiences.  George shares his memories of fishing in childhood and mentions that while he's had land jobs on and off, he always came back to fishing. Over time, he developed a passion for big-game fishing and clamming. He describes the techniques he's learned over the years, as well as his observations about the local fishing industry.

Raymond Palombo was one of the first lobstermen to realize lobster pots could be utilized successfully offshore on the continental shelf lobster grounds. Because of Newport's close proximity to those grounds, its offshore lobster industry grew quickly during the 1970's. Mr. Palombo was part of that lucrative growing industry. Raymond Palombo was involved in the fishing industry during all of his working life. He had extensive experience working in inshore and offshore fisheries outside of Boston.

On May 27, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Cory Weyant as part of the Long Island Traditions Oral History Collection. Cory is a full-time commercial fisher from Freeport, New York, who traps eels, killies, crabs, and other finfish. His family lived in the area for over 60 years, and he remembers family boat trips and time spent sailing with his father. Cory discusses the decreased fish population and ties it to the pollution from speedboats and yachts.

 In 1945, Anthony Bucolo's father, a fish peddler, became part owner of Talman and Mack Fish and Trap Company in Newport, R.I. Anthony Bucolo's association with Newport's fishing industry began at that time. In 1956, Mr. Bucolo started his own business, Anthony's Seafood; in 1986, his business was sold. His operation played an extremely important role in Newport's fishing industry. Mr. Bucolo's business progressed from the handling of lobsters, to lobsters, fish, retail and wholesale, to the addition of a seafood restaurant. Mr.

On June 3, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Danny Koch as part of the Long Island Traditions Oral History Collection. Danny is a lifelong bayman who has been working the bay area for his entire life, just like his father, uncle, and grandfathers before him. Danny explains the process of setting traps and the varying number of killey he catches each day, depending on the tides and other factors.  He emphasizes that the bay he fishes in is not a particularly productive fishing area, as indicated by the sounds of gulls.

On June 7, 1987, Nancy Solomon interviewed Frank Cona as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history collection.  Frank Cona, a fifth-generation fisherman from Macata, grew up in a family deeply rooted in the trade. Frank's father and older brother played significant roles in his early education, teaching him the ins and outs of fishing on their dragger boats. From the age of six, Frank was actively involved in fish cleaning, gradually acquiring the skills that would eventually propel him to become a captain.

In 1945, Anthony Bucolo's father, a fish peddler, became part owner of Talman and Mack Fish and Trap Company in Newport, R.I. Anthony Bucolo's association with Newport's fishing industry began at that time. In 1956, Mr. Bucolo started his own business, Anthony's Seafood; in 1986, his business was sold. His operation played an extremely important role in Newport's fishing industry. Mr. Bucolo's business progressed from the handling of lobsters, to lobsters, fish, retail and wholesale, to the addition of a seafood restaurant. Mr.

On June 29, 1987, Joseph Tribbia, Warren Washington, and Akira Kasahara interviewed Aksel Wiin-Nielsen at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, for the AMS Tape Recorded Interview Project. Wiin-Nielsen discusses his early life, education, and influences, including the significant role his father played in shaping his interest in mathematics and physics. He recounts his academic journey at the University of Copenhagen, his early teaching experiences, and his introduction to meteorology under Ragnar Fjortoft.

The youngest of eight children who survived childbirth, Vivian Leilani Vidinha Souza was born January 14, 1918 in Koloa. Her father, Antone Vidinha, Sr., was Portuguese born in Mana, Kauai and eventually became the sheriff of Koloa. Her mother, Alohakeau Hale Vidinha, was Hawaiian born on Niihau. Vivian's brother, Antone Vidinha, was a former mayor of Kauai. Vivian, a lifelong resident of Koloa and Poipu, completed the eighth grade at Koloa School.

Oral History Interview with Horace Byers, 1987.  Interviewed by Earl Droessler. 

Copyright Information: Copyright University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

While she was in her early twenties, Ellen Kaplan worked in the fishing industry for approximately two years. This included work on offshore lobster boats, an offshore scallop boat, and an offshore dragger. Her manuscript contains valuable information about life and work at sea, the life style of working in the fishing industry, changes in the offshore lobster industry, and conflict between tourism, development and the fishing industry in Newport, Rhode Island.

Manuel Silvia served as president and spokesman for Fishermen in Newport (F.I.N.) and played an important role in the establishment of the State Fish Pier in Newport by the state of Rhode Island in 1985. Mr. Silvia's manuscript contains valuable information concerning changes in Newport harbor, and the impact of tourism, yachting and development on the fishing industry. In addition to his work as president of F.I.N., Mr. Silvia worked extensively on offshore draggers and lobster boats during the 1960's and 1970's. He now works as an inshore lobsterman in Newport.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Philip Ruhle began his work in the fishing industry during the 1940's. At that time, he was primarily involved in seasonal inshore fisheries in the waters off New York City and Long Island. His manuscript is a rich source of information on the abundance of inshore species in that area which made the way of life of inshore fishermen possible at that time. During the 1950's, Mr. Ruhle gillnetted mackeral from Long Island to Virginia. He went on to work in several other fisheries, including dragging and Scottish seining. Mr.

On September 30, 1987, Robert Serafin interviewed David Atlas for the American Meteorological Society’s Oral History Project. Dr. David Atlas recounts his early aspirations to science; the graduate education he received at the City College of New York, the New York University Air Force MeteorologyProgram, Harvard, and MIT; and his preliminary involvement in meteorology during World War II, including his contributions to radar technology while assigned to the All-Weather Flying Division (AWFD) at Wright Field, Ohio.

On October 28 and November 6, 1987, Chester Newton interviewed Professor Eric B. Kraus for the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and the American Meteorological Society's oral history project. Kraus discusses his early life, including his birth in Liberec, Czechoslovakia, in 1912, and his education in Switzerland and Vienna before pivoting from business to meteorology. Influenced by travel experiences and interactions with figures in science, Kraus pursued studies in meteorology, eventually assisting prominent meteorologists in Bergen, Norway, just before World War II.

Walter Orr Roberts discusses how he came to be NCAR's first director, the purpose for creating a national center, the process for identifying NCAR's initial priorities, the issue of competition between NCAR and university programs, the debate regarding NCAR's focus on research with practical applications, and NCAR's early facilities. Roberts reflects on characteristics of a successful research center, his ideas about administration, and the importance of interdisciplinary research and international cooperation among the scientific community.

John McDonald and his brother, James, have worked together as fishermen on their day dragger, a Natator, since 1948. Prior to that time, Mr. McDonald spent his childhood on the water catching eels and scalloping. During the 1940's he had extensive experience swordfish harpooning off Martha's Vineyard, Point Judith, and Block Island. Swordfish were abundant in those waters then. Now they are seldom spotted. Mr.

Philip D. Thompson, meteorologist, is interviewed by Joseph Tribbia and Akira Kasahara on December 15-16, 1987, as part of the American Meteorological Society's Tape Recorded Interview Project. The conversation details Thompson's early influences and the formative experiences that shaped his career in meteorology. Growing up in Rossville, Indiana, he was exposed to scientific thinking through his father, a biologist, and his early interest in the natural world was fostered during childhood, particularly through experiences on laboratory boats.

On January 1, 1988, Robert Fritchey interviewed Houston Serigny, a lifelong resident of coastal Louisiana. He discusses his experiences as a commercial fisherman, trapper, and community member. Born into a family deeply connected to the waterways and fisheries of the region, Serigny provides a vivid account of his life and work, including his family’s history of fishing, trapping, and navigating environmental and economic changes.

Jeanne Palombo was the wife of Raymond Palombo who was also interviewed for this oral history of the fishing industry in Newport, R.I. Because of Newport's close proximity to the offshore lobster grounds, fishermen and lobstermen relocated to Newport during the early 1970's to become part of that lucrative and growing industry. The Palombos were part of that group. Mrs. Palombo worked closely with her husband and took over their business after his unexpected death in 1987.

Hedy Bennett is the wife of offshore lobsterman, Paul Bennett, who was also interviewed as part of this oral history of the fishing industry in Newport, R.I. Mrs. Bennett is the land-based partner in the work and way of life she and her husband share. She conveys what it means to be the wife of a commercial lobsterman and describes what makes the family life of a young fishing family both special and demanding. Mrs. Bennett delves into the many changes that have taken place in the offshore lobster industry since she's been involved in it.

On February 1, 1988, Robert Fritchey interviewed Claude McCall in Leeville, Louisiana. McCall, who relocated from Florida to Louisiana in 1971, has a diverse background that includes work in electronics and commercial fishing. His experience spans decades, transitioning from guiding and fishing in Florida’s Tampa Bay area to fishing in Louisiana’s coastal waters. In the interview, McCall discusses his early years in Florida, where he observed the ecological impacts of dredging and coastal development, which led to habitat degradation and declines in fish populations.

On February 11, 1988, John S. Perry interviewed Dr. Thomas F. Malone for the American Meteorological Society and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. The interview, conducted at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, explores Malone’s early life, career, and contributions to meteorology. Raised on a ranch in South Dakota, Malone was influenced by his father’s practical interest in weather forecasting and telecommunication.

On February 25, 1988, Richard Rotunno interviewed Dr. Tetsuya “Ted” Fujita for the American Meteorological Society’s Recorded Interview Project. Dr. Fujita, a prominent meteorologist known for his pioneering work on severe weather phenomena, reflects on his early life, educational background, and career in meteorology. Born in Japan in 1920 to a family of educators, Fujita initially studied mechanical engineering and later pursued meteorology due to its minimal resource requirements.

On March 8, 1988, Nancy Solomon interviewed Bob Doxsee Jr. as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history project. Bob's family has a long history in the fishing industry on Long Island. Bob begins by recounting his childhood experiences living in a house on Meadow Island, which was only accessible by boat. He describes the unique features of the house, such as the kerosene stove and lamps, rain barrel, and artesian well.

On April 5, 1988, Nancy Solomon interviewed Brad Keene as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history project. Brad is a seasoned boatman with a deep-rooted connection to his family's maritime legacy. The Keene family has a rich history in Freeport, as Brad's grandfather, Henry Uktch, founded the Freeport Boatman's Association. Brad traces his family lineage back to his great-grandfather, Van Schaaner, who had a fish market in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

On May 11, 1988, Nancy Solomon interviewed Rick Verity as part of the Long Island Traditions Oral History Collection. Rick is a skilled bayman who learned the art of eeling from his father, Elwood Verity. He shares his lifelong experiences as a bayman, inheriting his knowledge and skills from his father and uncle. He discusses his early introduction to clamming, the intricacies of eel trapping and combing, and the craftsmanship behind creating various types of traps and nets.

Nelder Medrud begins the interview with a discussion of his life history, education and research prior to arriving at NCAR. Medrud became acquainted with NCAR through Phil Thompson and Henry van de Boogaard while at the University of Stockholm, Sweden in the early 1960s. In the Air Force, Medrud’s specialty was applied climatology and a position opened up at NCAR focusing on applications to societal problems. The immediate focus of Medrud’s work at NCAR was on the matter of the consequences of hail to society.

Ed Martell was a distinguished nuclear scientist with a focus on atmospheric chemistry, radioactive material, and nuclear science in general. His academic journey began at West Point, where he graduated in the class of 1942. Following his graduation, Martell served as an officer in the Corps of Engineers for eight years, participating in combat in the Pacific during the Second World War. After the war, Martell had the opportunity to further his studies at the University of Chicago as a lieutenant colonel. It was here that he earned his Ph.D. in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry in 1950.

Dr. John C. Calhoun was one of the early pioneers and contributors to UCAR/NCAR development. Calhoun became acquainted with UCAR and a plan for developing a national program (the “Blue Book”) while at Texas A&M University in an administrative role. Although Calhoun did not have a background in the atmospheric sciences, he brought valuable institutional perspective, experience in program development and organizational management to the table.

Daniel F. Rex was born on December 4, 1916, in Wichita, Kansas. His father, a physician, passed away when Rex was only six months old, leading him to be raised by his mother and maternal grandparents. His grandfather, Lloyd Farrell, a telegrapher and pioneer in Wichita, played a significant role in his upbringing and served as a father figure. Rex's early life was marked by adventure and responsibility, including a trip to Yucatan at the age of fourteen to buy 1100 head of cattle.

Douglas K. Lilly was a renowned meteorologist who had a significant impact on the field of atmospheric sciences. Although Lilly completed his undergraduate work in physics at Stanford University on a Navy ROTC scholarship, he always envisioned going into meteorology.

On August 18, 1988, Earl Droessler interviewed William W. Kellogg at his home in Boulder, Colorado, as part of a broader investigation into the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and its activities, particularly during Kellogg's presidency. Kellogg reflects on his pivotal role in advancing atmospheric sciences and fostering collaboration between the AMS and other scientific organizations. He discusses his leadership within AMS, including his work bridging relationships with the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and promoting multidisciplinary approaches to climate research.

On October 1, 1988, Nancy Solomon interviewed John Remsen, Sr. as part of the Long Island Traditions oral history project. John is a skilled boat builder who has dedicated his life to constructing garveys. John's passion for boat building began when he observed other individuals constructing garveys, a type of boat commonly used in shallow waters. In the early days, John primarily used cedar wood for his boats. He would visit mills in New Jersey, particularly New Gretna, to purchase oak.

Christopher Lutyens began his work in the lobster industry in Southwest Harbor, Maine at age sixteen. He came to Newport one year later after reading an article about Newport's offshore lobster industry in the magazine, National Fisherman. Mr. Lutyens has worked in both the inshore and offshore lobster industries in Newport. He offers valuable information about the work of lobstering, lobster boats and equipment, lobster grounds, catch size, and the condition of the lobster stocks. He expresses concerns about the future of the fishing industry in Newport, R.I.

On February 18, 1989, Earl Droessler interviewed Thomas F. Malone at St. Joseph’s College in Hartford, Connecticut, as part of a tape-recorded interview project for the American Meteorological Society (AMS). The interview focuses on developments in atmospheric sciences and the evolution of the AMS since World War II. Malone reflects on his tenure as AMS President (1960–1961), highlighting the pivotal decision to rename the Journal of Meteorology to the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, marking a shift toward broader scientific engagement.

Mrs. Bienkovitz shares memories of her childhood growing up in Bivalve, NJ. She was the daughter of Daniel Henderson, a waterman from Bivalve. She gives detail what kind of man and worker her father was and describes the oyster industry during the time frame 1930's to 1950's.  She discusses the lifestyle during her childhood, the homes and who lived in them along with identifying building where businesses were located and who were the proprietors.

On July 20, 1989, Beverly McBride interviewed Mary Litman for the Tucker County, West Virginia Flood Audio Recordings project. Mary Litman is a former resident of Parsons, West Virginia. At the time of the flood, Mary was living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

On September 6, 1989, Margaret LeMone interviewed Joanne Simpson for the American Meteorological Society’s interview project. Simpson, a pioneering meteorologist, discusses her early interest in science, particularly mathematics, and her academic journey, which began at the University of Chicago. She reflects on her experiences in World War II-era meteorology training and her shift toward a career in meteorology, particularly focusing on tropical convection and cumulus clouds.

Edward Zipser interviewed Robert H. Simpson at NCAR. Simpson discusses his early life, education, and family background, highlighting his pioneering Texas ancestry. He describes his early interest in weather, sparked by experiencing the 1919 hurricane in Corpus Christi. Simpson's academic journey included a degree in physics, although his professional path initially diverged through a career in music and architecture. After the 1929 economic crash, he shifted back to physics, later finding work in meteorology with the U.S. Weather Bureau.

On September 9, 1989, Dr. Joanne Simpson interviewed Herbert Riehl for the American Meteorological Society and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Tape Recorded Interview Project. Riehl discusses his pioneering contributions to tropical meteorology, including his early work during World War II under Carl-Gustav Rossby, his involvement in training weather officers for the U.S. military, and his groundbreaking studies on the energy dynamics of tropical storms.

On September 27, 1989, Henry Gourdine was interviewed about his extensive experiences in the fishing industry. Gourdine discusses a range of topics, including the seasonal cycles of crab and shad fishing, the challenges of maintaining and adapting fishing equipment, and the evolution of net design and techniques. He reflects on his family’s influence on his fishing practices and recounts detailed observations about crab health, fishing costs, and the environmental changes affecting local waters.

Interview with net fishermen Billy Praker and James "JB" Milina, from Galveston, Texas

On October 2, 1989, Tony Hollingsworth, Warren Washington, Joe Tribbia, and Akira Kasahara interviewed Norman Alton Phillips for the American Meteorological Society’s Tape Recorded Interview Project. Phillips recounts his upbringing in Chicago, his early influences in science, and his education, emphasizing his military service during World War II, which introduced him to meteorology.

On October 11, 1989, Joseph Tribbia and Phillip D. Thompson interviewed Arnt Eliassen for the American Meteorological Society’s Tape Recorded Interview Project at Thompson’s residence. Eliassen recounts his early influences in meteorology, starting with seminars led by Vilhelm Bjerknes in 1938 that sparked his interest in the field, and his subsequent studies under Halvor Solberg. He details his academic path, including completing his master’s degree in 1941 during the German occupation of Norway.

On October 28, 1989, Tucker Crawford was interviewed for The Hudson River Maritime Museum’s Hudson River Commercial Fishermen’s Oral History Collection. The interview focuses on Crawford's experiences as a fisherman on the Hudson River, particularly his work with sturgeon, shad, and bass. Crawford details the techniques and challenges of sturgeon fishing, including net sizes, the processing of caviar, and the impact of fishing regulations. He discusses the evolution of the fishing industry, environmental factors affecting fish populations, and changes in community dynamics over time.

On December 8, 1989, Nancy Solomon interviewed Charles Brower, a former cod fisherman from Baldwin. Brower, who began fishing at fifteen, comes from a lineage of fishermen, with his father and uncles also deeply involved in the trade. The interview delves into the evolution of fishing techniques and equipment, particularly the use of gillnets and the transition from cotton to nylon lines. Brower describes the process of gillnetting and cod fishing, highlighting the seasonal nature of these activities and the physical demands involved.

William M. Akutagawa, Jr. was born February 18, 1948 on Moloka'i. His late father, William M. Akutagawa, Sr., was the son of Japanese immigrants. His mother, Katharine Hagemann Akutagawa, is the daughter of a German immigrant father and Hawaiian mother.  William grew up in KamalO and visited his grandparents in 'Ualapu'e often, spending much of his youth fishing the waters off of 'Ualapu'e Fishpond. He attended Kilohana School and Moloka'i High School, graduating in 1966.

On February 7, 1990, Roscoe R. Braham, Jr. interviewed Horace R. Byers at the Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society in Anaheim, California. Byers, a pioneer in meteorology, begins the interview by reflecting on his early career, particularly his education at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was introduced to meteorology in 1925. He recounts the influence of key figures in meteorology, such as Richard J. Russell and John B. Leighly, and his early work on El Niño.

On March 13, 1990, James Fankhauser and Melvyn Shapiro interviewed Dr. Chester W. Newton at the NOAA Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, for the American Meteorological Society and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research's Tape Recorded Interview Project. The interview explores Newton's early education across Alabama, California, and Arizona, leading to his initial engagement with meteorology through a Weather Bureau position.

On June 25, 1990, Earl Droessler interviewed Dr. Chester Newton at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, for the American Meteorological Society's Tape Recorded Interview Project. Newton discusses his accidental entry into meteorology, beginning as a U.S. Weather Bureau observer in Phoenix in 1939, and his subsequent career trajectory. He reflects on his wartime service as an aviation cadet trained in meteorology at the University of Chicago, his forecasting duties in India, and his post-war academic achievements, including a Ph.D.

Harriet B. Crowe, born Harriet Barker in 1938, was raised in Mt. Cisco, New York. She was the first member of her family to attend college, a significant achievement given that neither her parents nor their siblings had the opportunity to pursue higher education. Crowe initially attended Michigan State University in 1956 with the intention of studying nursing, a decision influenced by her high school counselor who discouraged her from pursuing her original ambition of becoming a doctor.

Henry Van De Boogaard was born in 1923 in The Hague, Netherlands, to a family of bricklayers. He had two brothers who followed their father's trade and a younger sister. In 1938, his family gradually migrated to South Africa, with Van De Boogaard, his sister, and his mother being the last to leave. He developed an interest in meteorology from a young age, often observing the meteorological department across the road from his school and being fascinated by weather forecasts.

On August 1, 1990, Robert Fritchey interviewed Frank and Stanley Rando in Bucktown, Louisiana, for an oral history documenting their experiences in local fishing industries. Frank Rando, a lifelong fisherman, began his career in 1936 after finishing grammar school. He worked alongside his father, nicknamed “Sheepshead Frank,” who was known for his innovative sheepshead fishing techniques using a pirogue and pole. Stanley Rando, younger than Frank, contributes insights into later industry practices and environmental changes.

On September 22, 1990, Julius London interviewed Jerome Spar in Glen Rock, New Jersey. Spar, who entered meteorology in 1940 after earning a physics degree from City College of New York, discusses his long career in the field, starting with his graduate studies in meteorology at New York University (NYU) under Athelstan Spilhaus. Spar recounts his service in the Army Air Corps Weather Service during World War II, including assignments in Presque Isle, Maine, and Goose Bay, Labrador. After the war, Spar returned to NYU as an instructor, later earning his Master's and Ph.D.

Oral history interview with Robert Fleagle, 1990. 

Copyright Information: Copyright University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Topics include: how he came to be involved in meteorology; education; time in the Navy; work at MIT; American Meteorological Society; radio casting; industrial meteorology; terms as president-elect, president and past president of AMS; changes technology made to meteorology; forecasting; Center for Operational Meteorological Education and Training (COMET); UCAR; Jim Mahoney; blending meteorology with other sciences; China; Harry Geise; weather modification; Ken Spengler; NCAR.

Dr. Warren M. Washington is a distinguished scientist and director of the Climate and Global Dynamics division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). He joined NCAR approximately twenty-seven years prior to the interview in 1990, making significant contributions to the field of atmospheric sciences. In addition to his work at NCAR, Washington has been involved in various external activities, including serving on the first committee to examine climate issues for the academy in the early 1970s.

On October 22, 1990, Norman Phillips interviewed George Platzman in the Chapman Room at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) for the American Meteorological Society's Tape Recorded Interview Project. Platzman discusses his early life in Chicago, including his father's work as an auditor for Universal Pictures and his mother's career as a piano teacher. He recalls his education, particularly the influence of his high school mathematics teacher, Bulla Schussman, who instilled rigorous intellectual habits.

On March 19, 1991, William W. Kellogg interviews Joseph O. Fletcher, who shares detailed accounts of his career in meteorology and atmospheric research, beginning with his early experiences in the Army Air Corps and continuing through his contributions during World War II. Fletcher describes his work with the Signal Corps, his transition to the Air Weather Service, and his role in pioneering microwave radar applications for weather detection and reconnaissance.

John Valois is a former resident of Woods Hole and a close friend of the Cahoon family. Born and raised in the area, he grew up spending significant time in the Cahoon household and developed a lasting relationship with the family. John's father owned the Woods Hole garage, which was located near the fish market operated by Sam Cahoon. John often visited the fish market, occasionally helping with tasks and interacting with the fishermen. He also participated in various activities with young Sam Cahoon, such as swimming, shell fishing, and duck hunting.

On May 19, 1991, Marguerite Holloway interviewed Raymond Minard in Poughkeepsie, New York. Minard, a retired shad fisherman with decades of experience, discusses his career in the Hudson River fisheries, including the challenges of changing fish populations, economic shifts, and environmental factors like PCB contamination. He reflects on the decline of the shad fishery and the rise of striped bass populations, which impacted the viability of commercial fishing.

George S. Benton was born on September 24, 1917, in Oak Park, Illinois, and was raised in Chicago. His family had a diverse background, with his mother's family originating from Edinburgh, Scotland, and his father's family immigrating from Rega to Michigan when his father was three years old. Benton's original family name was Blumenstock, but he later changed it to George Benton. Benton's early education was at the University of California at Berkeley, where he was involved with the Department of Geography. However, he did not complete his Bachelor's degree there.

On June 28, 1991, George P. Cressman interviewed Athelstan Spilhaus at Spilhaus' home in Virginia for the American Meteorological Society and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research's Tape Recorded Interview Project. The interview explores Spilhaus' diverse career as a meteorologist, oceanographer, educator, and inventor. Spilhaus recounts his early academic influences, including his studies at the University of Cape Town and MIT, and his transition from aeronautics to meteorology under the mentorship of Carl-Gustaf Rossby.

Mr. Rankin explains how he got his start in the fishing business. Unlike many who end up in the fishing business he learned the trade later in life. Rankin mentions he fished once or twice when he was young but trapping was a much bigger deal. He got into the fishing business after he got out of the military and settled down with his wife. He became friends with a man who was much older than him (about 20 years older) who taught and introduced the trade. From then on he explained the trade and how it changed over his life time.

On July 30, 1991, Earl Droessler interviewed Arthur Merewether in Bayside, New York, for the American Meteorological Society's Tape Recorded Interview Project. The interview covers Merewether's extensive contributions to meteorology, including his early career in the Army Air Corps and the formation of the Army Weather Service. Merewether discusses his role in training military meteorologists and highlights the evolution of meteorological education at institutions such as MIT, Caltech, and the University of Chicago.

On August 8, 1991, Marguerite Holloway interviewed John Fiorito. Fiorito discusses his extensive experiences as a fisherman along the Hudson River, focusing on methods such as haul seining, gill netting, and ice fishing. He describes working with the Tuttle family, learning fishing techniques, and his eventual transition to operating independently. Topics include the technical aspects of fishing equipment, such as nets, poles, and scows; the evolution of materials from cotton to nylon; and challenges like environmental changes, regulations, and market pressures.

On December 14, 1991, Gordon D. Cartwright interviewed Morton J. Rubin for the American Meteorological Society's Tape Recorded Interview Project at Rubin’s home in Bethesda, Maryland. The interview explores Rubin’s extensive career in meteorology, beginning with his early life in Philadelphia, his education at Penn State, and his entry into the field through a civil service examination. Rubin recounts his experiences working for the Weather Bureau, including his tenure as a minor observer in Philadelphia and later assignments at Kylertown, Pennsylvania.

On December 14, 1991, Morton J. Rubin interviewed Gordon D. Cartwright, a meteorologist residing in Geneva, Switzerland, for the American Meteorological Society Tape Recorded Interview Project. Cartwright recounts his early life in Newcastle, Pennsylvania, and how his interest in science, sparked by early exposure to publications like Collier’s Magazine, led him to a career in meteorology. He details his career progression within the U.S. Weather Bureau, beginning in 1929 at the Pittsburgh office, and his work in aviation meteorology, river forecasting, and upper air observations.

On December 21, 1991, Everett Nack was interviewed about his extensive experience with fishing in the Hudson River. The discussion covers the history and techniques of fishing for various species, including shad, sturgeon, and carp, and addresses environmental challenges affecting fish populations and water quality. Nack describes the role of state conservation efforts, the use of fishing equipment, and his observations on the decline of native species linked to pollution and habitat changes.

On December 24, 1991, Marguerite Holloway interviewed Lester Ostoyic in Malden-on-Hudson, New York, for the Hudson River Maritime Museum. Ostoyic, born in 1935 and raised in Malden-on-Hudson, discusses his family’s legacy in commercial shad and sturgeon fishing on the Hudson River. He recalls learning the trade from his father, a commercial fisherman, and Air Raid Warden during World War II, and the seasonal rhythms of fishing.

On January 11, 1992, Marguerite Holloway interviewed Tim DeGroat at Stony Point, NY, for the Hudson River Maritime Museum. DeGroat discusses his family's multi-generational involvement in fishing on the Hudson River, detailing traditional methods such as drift netting, stake netting, and anchor netting. He describes the evolution of fishing techniques and the labor-intensive processes of preparing and setting nets.

On January 12, 1992, Marguerite Holloway interviewed James Carey in Verplanck, New York, for the Hudson River Maritime Museum. Carey reflects on his experiences with shad fishing on the Hudson River, recounting his early years learning the trade during the Great Depression and his later career balancing fishing with a full-time job in railroading. He discusses the cultural and economic importance of the river, the impact of environmental regulations on fishing practices, and the decline of traditional fishing methods such as drift netting and seining.

On April 21, 1992, Julius London interviewed Loren Crow at his home in Denver, Colorado, as part of the AMS Taped Interview Project. Crow details his extensive career in meteorology, beginning with his education at Simpson College in Iowa, where he majored in chemistry with a minor in physics, followed by cadet training at Caltech during World War II.

On April 25, 1992, Marguerite Holloway interviewed Robert A. Brestolli in Haverstraw, New York. Brestolli reflects on his experiences growing up in a fishing community, learning techniques such as the use of t-nets and bucket nets from his uncle. He discusses the evolution of fishing practices in the region, shifts in market demands, and the challenges posed by environmental changes and regulatory actions. Brestolli shares insights into the culture of local fisheries, the decline in profitability, and his efforts to adapt by using anchor nets instead of traditional stake nets.